Leaf spot (Cercospora moricola, Cooke) is a disease that negatively influences the yield of mulberry (Morus alba L. ) plants. To determine the effect of nitrogen levels on the incidence and severity of Leaf spot an experiment was carried out on mulberry plants. The nitrogen levels included 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1, which were applied in two splits coinciding with the two rainy seasons. The study design was randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Determination of disease intensity involved scoring for disease intensity on a 1-5 Manandhar scale and calculation of the disease incidence were performed by expressing the number of infected leaves as a percentage of the total number of leaves. The values were translated to area under disease progress stairs (AUDPS). The means for AUDPS were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using PRO GLM in SAS and Fisher’ s least significant difference (LSD) used to partition the means at p≤ 0. 05. The results showed that as the rate of nitrogen application was increased, there was a corresponding decrease in AUDPS for disease incidence and a decrease in AUDPS for disease severity. From the obtained results it can be concluded that nitrogen at an application rate of 200 kg ha-1 is an effective approach to suppress Cercospora Leaf spot of mulberry and can be recommended to the farmers, where this disease is a problem for cultivation of mulberry.

To investigate the response of corn to combined application of chemical fertilizers with rhizobacteria plant growth promoting, an experiment was conducted in 2017 at Research farm of Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Tehran University, Karaj, Iran, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Four Nutritional treatments including T1 (Control treatment without applying fertilizer), T2 (Just PGPRs), T3 (Use chemical fertilizers based on soil test) and T4 (T3 + PGPRs) were considered. According to the results, the highest total dry weight (3.9 kg/m2), crop growth rate (79.8 g.m-2.day-1), net assimilation rate (15.3 g.m-2.day-1) and grain yield (18.2 ton.ha-1) were observed in T4 treatment and T2 treatment produced the highest  Leaf area index (5.3), Leaf area duration (205.2) and specific Leaf weight (78.5 g.m-2) . Also, the lowest value of all traits was observed in in T1 (control) treatment. The results showed that the presence of rhizobacteria plant growth promotioninduction in the corn Nutrition program increased the growth and growth indices of the plant. Combined application of chemical fertilizers with rhizobacteria plant growth promoting resulted in the highest growth and final grain yield of corn.

Municipal effluents can often contain significant concentrations of organic and inorganic nutrients. There is potential for these nutrients to be used as a fertilizer source when the water is recycled as an irrigation source.Therefore, long-term irrigation with municipal effluents can add large amounts of nutrients to the soil and plant.A case study was undertaken to assess the impact of municipal effluent irrigation on macro- and micro-nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn) concentration in soil and Leaf of Eldar pine (Pinus eldarica Medw.) trees, in south of Tehran. For this purpose, the data were collected using the systematic random sampling technique with 4 replicates in two 15 year-old artificial Eldar pine stands a) under irrigation of municipal effluent and b) irrigated with well water. Municipal effluent and well water were sampled daily (3 days in each month) from early June to late November. Results indicated that the concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) in municipal effluent and Leaf of the trees irrigated with municipal effluent were significantly greater compared to those of well water treatment. Application of municipal effluent resulted in a 1.5-fold increase in the concentrations of soil macro- and micro-nutrients. The nutrients showed their greatest values in the upper layer of soil (0-15 cm). Irrigation using municipal effluent did not result in toxicity of nutrients in tree Leaf and soil. The macro- and micro-nutrient contents of Leaf were correlated with their respective value in soil. Finally it was concluded that the municipal effluents could be utilized as a source of water and nutrients in forestry and green spaces.

Whereas reducing carbon pollutant and fossil fuel energy consumption have become the most important environmental and economic concerns in the world, electric vehicles and their cooling system are in automotive industry manufacturers and designers agendum more than ever. Various motor electromagnetic and mechanical losses act as heat sources and could lead to performance falloff and premature exhaustion indisputably, if they don’, t dissipate by an appropriate cooling system. Thus, in present work, a model has been prepared in Motor-CAD software for Nissan Leaf’, s BPM electric motor and after modelling various losses in it by means of 2D and 3D simulations with finite element method, it has been attentively investigated in terms of cooling system performance and hotspot temperatures and locations in four popular distinct standard driving cycles. It has been revealed in results that diversities in driving patterns can lead to different thermal reactions in vehicle’, s electric motor. These changes can even rearrange thermal critical points and move hotspots to different parts of motor. Beside quantitative point of maximum temperatures, various transient responses have been monitored in simulations results and hotspot location moved differently in each cycle. Main novelty of the present research is clarifying the point that in order to design an efficient and suitable cooling system for electric motors in vehicles, driving pattern characteristics must be taken into account.

Phosphorus is one of the most used fertilizer macronutrients and in calcareous soils of Iran, its absorption is limited. On the other hand, considering the problems caused by the soil use of micronutrients, it is possible to modify the effects of phosphorus deficiency by spraying micronutrients. This study was conducted as factorial in a completely randomized design in three replications to investigate the effect of Leaf Nutrition of micronutrients (iron, zinc and copper) on the absorption of nutrients of Mentha aquatica L. in phosphorus deficiency conditions. Experimental treatments consisted of no deficiency (control) and two levels of phosphorus deficiency and foliar application of Fe 2+ 2+, Zn and Cu 2+ in concentration of 1 and 2%. Deficient plants showed a significant decrease in P content of root. Spraying Fe 2+ and Cu 2+ 2% caused increase in P content under deficiency. Foliar Nutrition with iron, zinc and copper caused decrease in nitrogen and phosphorus content in deficient plants. Applying zinc and iron as spraying caused increase in NO3 − content in shoots and roots. In the present study, spraying zinc, iron and copper caused increase in their contents in shoots and roots of Mentha. Spraying Fe 2+ 2% caused increase in P, NO3 − and Fe 2+ contents in shoots of Mentha plant. The orthogonal comparison results showed that there was a significant difference in nutrients content between foliar application of micronutrients and control and also between foliar application of iron compare to copper and zinc and foliar application of zinc compared to copper in shoots and roots of Mentha. Regarding the obtained results, Leaf Nutrition of micronutrients as spraying can be mentioned as a suitable suggestion to reduce the effects of macronutrients deficiency, especially phosphorus. It seems that spraying iron and zinc showed the highest effect in absorption of other nutrients in shoots, also spraying copper had the highest effect in roots.

Tomato Leaf curl virus (TLCY, Family Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus) is a whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) transmitted geminivirus (WTG) causing a destructive disease of tomato in many regions of India, East Asia and Australia. While TLCY isolates from Australia, Bangalore (India) and Taiwan and Tomato yellow Leaf curl virus (TYLCY) isolates from different regions of Asia, Europe and America have a single genomic component (designated DNA A), those from Northern India and Thailand have two components (DNA A and DNA B). Previously, TYLCY-like geminiviruses have been identified from southern provinces of Iran causing Leaf curling, stunting, and severe reduction in fruits of tomato plants in the fields. We have used degenerate DNA A specific PCR primers to clone part of the genome of an Iranian isolate of TLCY (TLCY-Ir) from field-infected tomato plants growing in Iranshahr, Sistan-Baluchestan Province. Degenerate DNA B-specific PCR primers did not amplify a putative DNA B from infected tomato under conditions that DNA B fragments were amplified from plants infected with Tomato golden mosaic virus, a known bipartite begomovirus. The full-length 2763 nucleotide DNA A genome of TLCY-Ir was sequenced and compared to Iranian isolate of TYLCY (TYLCY-Ir, previously sequenced by Bananej et al., (GcnBank accession No. AJ 132711) isolated from tomato in the same region.As other monopartite TLCV and TYLCV isolates, both TLCV-Ir and TYLCV-Ir genomes contain six open reading frames, two on the virion-sense strand and four on the complementary-sense strand. Sequence comparisons indicated that TLCV-Ir is substantially different from TYLCV-Ir with only 79% nucleotide sequence identity. Phylogenetic analysis showed while the TYLCV-Ir represents an isolate of TYLCV-Israel (TYLCV-Is) group, the TLCV-Ir is closer to TLCV isolates from southern India (TLCVs-Bangalore 2-5) which are most similar to other WTGs infecting tomato and cotton in Pakistan, India and East Asia and differ substantially from T(Y)LCVs of the Middle East, America, Europe and Australia.Presence of two tomato - infecting begomoviruses in the same area provides a favorable environment for recombination of these viruses.

A factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with four replications in Fars Province, Shiraz city to assess micronutrient fertilizer treatments with hormone auxin was conducted on wheat Durum. The first factor consisted of two levels of auxin (application of auxin to the level of 100 ppm and treatment of non- application of auxin) and the second factor consisted of four treatment fertilizer applications (control treatment, applying at the rate of 50 kg/ha (zinc sulfate), the use of molybdat ammonium as much as half kg/ha with seed and the combined treatments of zinc and molybdenum application rate of 5.50 kg/ha. After taking notes and recording field data, the data were analyzed by SAS program Analysis of variance and the means were compared by Duncan test. The results showed that the hormone auxin application on grain yield, number of grains per wheat spike, Leaf area index, biological yield and plant height at 5% level of significance was significant leading to increased or improved traits, but compared to non-hormonal treatment no significant difference was found. Also among different levels of fertilizer treatments, the most traits were related to combined application of zinc and molybdenum treatments, and the lowest were found in the control group. It should be noted that a separate application of zinc showed a greater increase in traits compared with the separate application of molybdenum. The effect of combined application of fertilizers and micronutrients was significantly greater than their individual effects. In addition, the use of hormonal interactions also showed that zinc and molybdenum increased yield.

Introduction: Iron is considered as a micro-element with essential roles in plant metabolism and also, is a cofactor in function of antioxidant enzymes. The strawberry is one of the favorite fruits throughout the world and may be classified as a functional food as it is a rich source of phytochemicals and vitamins. Therefore, Nutrition of foliar minerals is of particular importance for the rapid supply of plant nutrients. The aim of this study was to determination of optimum concentration and evaluation the pre-harvest application of iron on some antioxidant enzyme activities and qualitative characteristics of strawberry fruit during developmental stages. Material and methods: The experiment was factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. This experiment was carried out at University of Zanjan in spring and summer of 2018. Firstly, in a pretest, the effect of different amounts of iron was investigated (0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600-1800 and 2000 μ mol/L) at 3, 6, 9 and 12 days after the foliar application in some of the characteristics. Then, the concentration of 1400 μ mol/L was considered as the optimum concentration. Finally, data analysis was done using SPSSver 22 and means were compared by Duncan’ s multiple range tests at 5% level of Probability. Results and discussion: Results showed that chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, catalase, peroxides and ascorbate peroxidase were significantly increased by iron treatment in comparison to the controls. In addition, strawberry fruits treated with iron in comparison to the controls exhibited lower MDA and H2O2 content. But it had no significant effect on SOD enzyme, pH and soluble protein. In addition to the above results, application of 1400 μ mol/L iron accelerated fruit ripening for 3-4 days. The main reasons for the effect of treatment can be related to the increase iron content in plant, decrease in competition between vegetative and reproductive growth, as well as better chlorophylls efficiency. According to the results, application of iron during fruit growth stage increased the activity of most antioxidant enzymes and improved the quality of strawberry fruit. These results are in agreement with those obtained by Pestana et al. (2013) and Zaerei et al. (2016) of strawberry growth and crop yield improved by foliar application of iron chelate. The experiments clearly demonstrated the beneficial effects of foliar Fe-EDTA application on some antioxidant enzyme activities and qualitative characteristics of strawberry fruit during developmental stages. Conclusions: Overall, the findings of current study elucidated that for the production of strawberry cv. Camarosa greenhouses and its cultivation in hydroponic, according to the results of this study, a concentration of 1400 μ mol/L can be suggested by spraying method.

The forests in Zagros vegetative area are important due to their geographical situation, ecosystem performance, and biodiversity. Green oak Leaf roller (Tortrix viridana L.) is one of the most important pests which feeds on oak leaves and sprouts and damage them greatly in Zagros forests. Considering the fact that the larva of this insect has different reactions to feeding upon the leaves of Quercus infectoria and Q. libani in their individually and social lives, measuring its social and individual feeding behavior was investigated in the current study. Collected leaves of these oak species were transferred to laboratory and were stored under 25oC and suitable photoperiod conditions (with two individual and group feeding methods) and were given to the fifth instar larvae of the pest. In the group treatment, 20 replications (each replication with 10 larvae) and in the individual method, 40 replications (each repetition with 1 larva) were considered for each host. The indices of relative consumption rate (RCR), relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) and efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) were measured. The results of the conducted t-test indicated that the degree of larval biomass, RGR, ECI, and ECD are significantly higher in group feeding method compared to individual feeding (a=0.05). In fact, although larvae eat more when they are individually being fed (due to lack of competition stress), they produced more larval biomass in group feeding method despite they ate less (smaller RCR).